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A PICTORIAL HISTORY 
OF ENLISTED MEN'S BARRACKS 
OF THE U.S. ARMY, 1861-1895 



U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR / NATIONAL PARK SERVICE / HARPERS FERRY CENTER 






































A PICTORIAL HISTORY OF ENLISTED MEN'S BARRACKS 
OF THE U.S. ARMY, 1861-1895 


William L. Brown III 

ii 


U.S. Department of the Interior / National Park Service 

Harpers Ferry Center 
1984 


U C 403 

B it* 



top^ Xs 


Introduction 


This volume was conceived as a supplement to David Clary's two stud¬ 
ies on the history of barracks furniture prepared for the Park Service 
in 1982 and 1983.1 Clary's work offers a comprehensive treatment 
of the subject from the written sources. My aim in this volume is to 
lend the same thoroughness to the subject from the pictorial sources. 
The period covered encompasses the first interior view of a U.S. Army 
barrack, drawn in 1861 for Harper's Weekly , through a series of photo¬ 
graphs taken between 1891 and 1895 by the Office of the Quartermaster 
General. After 1895, photographs of barracks interiors become too 
numerous to treat comprehensively here. 

The vast majority of images in this collection are from the Records of 
the Office of the Quartermaster General (Record Group 92) at the Na¬ 
tional Archives. These 1891 to 1895 photographs were taken as part of 
a major survey of existing army posts. Photographers were sent to 
each active post to secure views of major buildings as well as build¬ 
ings under construction. Most photographs in this large collection 
are exterior views. But, frequently, photographers shot interiors of 
enlisted men's barracks. Unfortunately, few other interior images 
were taken. 

I have tried to draw the reader's eye to specific items in each image. 
One will see how similar the furnishings are, as might be expected, 


1. David A. Clary, "These Relics of Barbarism: A History of Fur¬ 
niture in Barracks and Guardhouses of the United States Army, 1800- 

1880" (National Park Service, Harpers Ferry Center, 1982); David A. 

Clary, "A Life Which Is Gregarious in the Extreme: A History of Fur¬ 
niture in Barracks and Guardhouses of the United States Army, 1880- 

1945" (National Park Service, Harpers Ferry Center, 1983). 





but also the individual touches that vary in each barrack. This was a 
great period of transition from deplorable conditions to an enlight¬ 
ened use of space brought on by advances in hygiene and promoted by 
the Surgeon General's office. The most significant factor is the in¬ 
troduction of the single iron bunk in the early 1870s. Prior to that 
date enlisted men slept in the "military crib," a large wooden bunk 
holding two men on each level. It was described by an Englishman who 
joined the American army during the Mexican War as "the exceedingly 
disagreeable custom, still universal in the United States service, of 
sleeping two in a bed--a custom which has been abolished in every bar¬ 
rack in Great Britain and the Colonies to the infinite comfort of the 
soldier, for the last twenty years."2 

I hope this study will clarify, graphically, written documentation on 
the subject. Mention should be made that most of the views are second 
floor rooms which may account for the lack of window coverings, and 
many window coverings shown are temporary aids to the photographer. 
In a two-story barrack, the first floor was used for kitchen, mess 
hall, washroom, day room, and noncommissioned officers' quarters. 
There are few wood boxes or coal containers which would indicate that 
most images were taken in the warmer seasons. It should be pointed 
out that, although the races were segregated, there is no noticeable 
difference between black and white, and in one view red, soldiers' 
furnishings. 

I have been actively seeking images on this and related military inte¬ 
riors for about six years. I hope this volume will bring other images 
to light. 


2. Autobiography of an English Soldier in the United States Army 

(New York: Stringer & Townsend, 1853). 




Finally I want to thank for their assistance in preparing this volume 
Dr. John Phillip Langellier, Director of the United States Army Muse¬ 
um at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, William Henry, Historian at Fort Lar- 
ned National Historic Site, Kansas, and Douglas McChristian, Superin¬ 
tendent of Fort Davis National Historic Site, Texas. I also thank my 
colleagues in the Division of Historic Furnishings, Sarah Olson, for 
supporting the project and offering suggestions during the manuscript 
preparation, and Nancy Konstantinidis, for seeing the typing through 
to the end. 


William L. Brown 111 


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5-6. AMERICAN ARMY BUNK, c. 1861 

Shown is one of nine surviving bunks from Fort 
Mifflin, Pennsylvania, made in 1861 when the fort 
was regarrisoned for the Civil War. It was later 
used for Confederate prisoners. On the previous 
bunk, the slats run from side to side. But here 
they run from head to foot, resting on the cross¬ 
bar. The slats were secured by another board 
nailed to the uprights. Like the earlier bunk, 
this one could be easily knocked down. 

(Photographs: William L. Brown III) 











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February 6, 1864.] HARPER’S WEEKLY. 



THE STACi DANCE 














































































































































































































































































12. FLOOR PLAN OF A TWO-STORY BARRACK, RECOMMENDED 
TO THE SECRETARY OF WAR IN SEPTEMBER, 1872 

This plan should be kept in mind when viewing the 
following images. The surviving cavalry barrack at 
Fort Laramie National Historic Site was built on 
this plan. The stairway from the second to the 
first floors can be seen in many images and will 
serve as a point of orientation. 

(Photograph: "Specifications for means of trans¬ 
portation, paulins, stoves and 
ranges, and lamps and fixtures for 
use in the United States Army," Wash¬ 
ington, D.C.: Government Printing 
Office, 1882) 


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16. CAVALRY BARRACK, SECOND U.S., BANDSMEN, FORT 
WINGATE, NEW MEXICO, 1894-96 

Bunks are apparently the Composite No. 10, painted 
a light color. Both examples of this model surviv¬ 
ing in private collections bear original light 
green paint. In the right corner is an open lock¬ 
er, or shelves, protected with a decorative dust 
cover. Equally decorative are the window and wall 
hangings. Displaying Indian artifacts in 19th-cen¬ 
tury army posts was common, particularly in offi¬ 
cers' quarters. 

(Photograph: National Archives RG 495, Louis Dun- 

ston Collection) 





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1891-95 

Constructed of whitewashed adobe, this single-story 
barrack shows crowded conditions. The armrack for 
both pistols and rifles is seen in an open posi¬ 
tion. We would expect dust covers on the guns. 

Wall lockers are heavily covered with cheap cotton 
fabric probably purchased with the company fund. 
One or more soldiers have satisfied a decorative 
urge with the fringed scarf around the storage 
locker on the left, and by covering the clock 

shelf. Civilian as well as army blankets are in 
use. A civilian trunk is employed as a bedside 

stand, and a privately-owned kerosene lamp is seen 
in the right rear. This is our first view, on the 
left, of the bracket form of the 1881 oil lamp. 

Stoves are 1875 wrought-iron wood heaters. 

(Photographs: National Archives RG 92-F-24-1,-2) 


















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60-61. TWO CAVALRY BARRACKS, FORT ROBINSON, 
NEBRASKA, 1891-95 

Compare these two enlisted men's barracks at the 
same post, one of which houses a black company. 
The second interior may house another company from 
the same black regiment. Except for different 
model bunks, stoves and lamps, the arrangement is 
nearly identical, including the presence of a pool 
table at the end of each room. Noncommissioned 
officers' quarters are probably located behind the 
board partition at the end of one barrack. 

(Photographs: National Archives RG 92-F-54-7) 


























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1891-95, WITH AND WITHOUT OCCUPANTS 


The reservoir installed next to the stove is a 
unique form. It may be a hot water heater, heated 
by the stove and piped through to a washroom on the 
floor beneath. Drawers built into the wall locker 
eliminate the need for foot lockers. Note the cro¬ 
cheted pillow sham on the left. 

(Photographs: National Archives RG 92-F-65-6) 






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As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the 
Interior has basic responsibilities to protect and conserve our land and 
water, energy and minerals, fish and wildlife, parks and recreation 
areas, and to ensure the wise use of all these resources. The 
department also has major responsibility for American Indian reservation 
communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. 
administration. 

Publication services were provided by the graphics staff of the Denver 
Service Center. NPS D-176 



U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1984-776-065 4122 REGION NO fi 










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